Chapter 2 Nutrition in Animals Question/Answer With Important Terms to Learn

Important terms to Learn In while learning Nutrition in animals in Short Words:

Absorption (अवशोषण) – The process by which nutrients from digested food are taken into the cells of the body.
Amino acid (अमीनो अम्ल) – The building blocks of proteins.
Amoeba (अमीबा) – A type of single-celled organism.
Assimilation (आत्मसात करना) – The process by which absorbed nutrients are used by the body cells.
Bile (पित्त) – A digestive fluid produced by the liver.
Buccal cavity (मुखगुहा) – The mouth.
Canine (रदनक) – Pointed teeth next to the incisors used for tearing food.
Cellulose (सेल्यूलोज) – A complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants.
Digestion (पाचन) – The process by which food is broken down into simpler forms that can be absorbed.
Egestion (मलोत्सर्जन) – The removal of undigested food from the body.
Fatty acid (वसीय अम्ल) – Building blocks of fats.
Food vacuole (भोजन के लिए रिक्तिका) – A cell organelle in amoebas where food is digested.
Gall bladder ( पित्ताशय) – An organ that stores bile.
Glycerol (ग्लिसरॉल) – A component of fats.
Incisor (कृतक) – Front teeth used for cutting food.
Ingestion (भोजन का सेवन) – The intake of food.
Liver (यकृत) – An organ that produces bile and processes nutrients.
Milk teeth (दूध के दांत) – The first set of teeth in young mammals.
Molar (दाढ़) – Teeth used for grinding food.
Permanent teeth (स्थायी दांत) – The second set of teeth that replace milk teeth.
Oesophagus (ग्रसनी) – The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
Pancreas (अग्न्याशय) – An organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin.
Premolar (अग्रचर्वणक) – Teeth located between the canines and molars used for grinding food.
Pseudopodia (कूटपाद) – Temporary arm-like projections used by amoebas for movement and feeding.
Rumen (रुमेन) – The first stomach in ruminants where food is initially stored and fermented.
Ruminant (जुगाली करने वाला पशु) – Animals that chew cud regurgitated from their rumen.
Rumination (जुगाली) – The process of chewing cud.
Salivary glands (लार ग्रंथियां) – Glands in the mouth that produce saliva.
Villi (विल्ली) – Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
Saliva (लार) – The fluid produced by salivary glands that aids in digestion.

Exercise Question/Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The main steps of nutrition in humans are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

(b) The largest gland in the human body is liver.

(d) The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths called villi.

(e) Amoeba digests its food in the food vacuole.

2. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(a) Digestion of starch starts in the stomach. (F)

(b) The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva. (T)

(d) The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for some time. (T)

3. Tick () mark the correct answer in each of the following:

(a) Fat is completely digested in the (i) stomach (ii) mouth (iii) small intestine (iv) large intestine

Ans: (iii) small intestine

(b) Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the (i) stomach (ii) foodpipe (iii) small intestine (iv) large intestine

Ans: (iv) large intestine

4. Match the items of Column I with those given in Column II:

Column I	Column II
Food components	Product(s) of digestion
Carbohydrates	Fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins	Sugar
Fats	Amino acids

Correct Match of Column I and Column II

Column I	Column II
Food component	Product(s) of digestion
Carbohydrates	Sugar
Proteins	Amino acids
Fats	Fatty acids and glycerol

5. What are villi? What is their location and function?

Villi are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. Their primary function is to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. Each villus contains a network of capillaries and a lymph vessel (lacteal) that help in the absorption and transport of nutrients into the bloodstream.

6. Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it help to digest?

Bile is produced in the liver. It helps in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them, which increases the surface area for the action of digestive enzymes.

7. Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the reason also.

The carbohydrate cellulose can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. This is because ruminants have specialized stomachs with microbes that produce the enzyme cellulase, which breaks down cellulose. Humans lack this enzyme and the necessary gut flora to digest cellulose.

8. Why do we get instant energy from glucose?

We get instant energy from glucose because it is a simple sugar that can be rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and utilized by cells to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. This process provides immediate energy for cellular functions.

9. Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:

(i) absorption of food small intestine

(ii) chewing of food mouth

(iii) killing of bacteria stomach

(iv) complete digestion of food small intestine

(v) formation of faeces large intestine

10. Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.

Similarity: Both amoeba and humans ingest food, digest it to obtain nutrients, and egest waste materials.

Difference: Amoeba digests food intracellularly within food vacuoles, whereas humans digest food extracellularly in the digestive tract.

11. Match the items of Column I with suitable items in Column II:

Column I	Column II
(a) Salivary gland	(i) Bile juice secretion
(b) Stomach	(ii) Storage of undigested food
(c) Liver	(iii) Saliva secretion
(d) Rectum	(iv) Acid release
(e) Small intestine	(v) Digestion is completed
(f ) Large intestine	(vi) Absorption of water
(f ) Large intestine	(vi) Absorption of water
	(vii) Release of faeces

Correct Match:

Column I	Column II
(a) Salivary gland	(iii) Saliva secretion
(b) Stomach	(iv) Acid release
(c) Liver	(i) Bile juice secretion
(d) Rectum	(vii) Release of faeces
(e) Small intestine	(v) Digestion is completed
(f) Large intestine	(vi) Absorption of water

12. Label Fig. 2.11 of the digestive system.

13. Can we survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass? Discuss.

No, we cannot survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass. While they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber, they lack sufficient calories and essential nutrients like proteins and fats necessary for human health. Additionally, humans cannot digest cellulose, a major component of grass, which limits the energy we can derive from such a diet. Humans need a varied diet to meet all nutritional requirements for proper body function.

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